Diabetes is a disease related to the group of endocrine diseases.It is involved in a disorder of glucose assimilation.Violation of development due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin-ammone is responsible for its handling.In a patient with diabetes, hyperglycemia is found.
This condition is characterized by an increase in glucose in plasma.Patients violate all types of metabolism: salt water, carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes belong to common diseases.It was discovered in nearly 6% of the world's population.
Causes of diabetes
The reasons for the development of diabetics are the first and second are different in patients.The first type of disease was discovered in young patients under thirty years old.Insulin production violations occur when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmune genesis.With it, there is destruction of ß cell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after viral infection.Most commonly, epidemic mumps, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological condition can also grow after toxic effects on the body with the following substances: nitrosamines, pesticides, some drugs.
These substances contribute to violations of the immune response and the appearance of autoimmune reactions.The effect of immune cells changes on the pancreatic islands that cause their deaths.In this regard, insulin production is reduced.This condition develops when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all cells to insulin occurs.The level of insulin in plasma is normal or increased, but cells do not realize it.There are most patients with diabetes like that.Glucose intolerance arises for the following reasons:
- Genetic trend.Such patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer from them, the inheritance of his tendency increases to 70%.
- Obese.With a large amount of fat tissue in the body, their insulin sensitivity decreases.
- Irrational nutrition.With the dominance of simple carbohydrates and lack of fiber in food, the risk of diabetes is increased.
- Cardiovascular disease.The serious forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension lead to an increase in tissue resistance.
- Chronic tension.In this state, the level of catecholamine and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Take some drugs.A group of drugs that increase the risk of diabetes include: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of anti -hypertension drugs, cytology.
- The chronic teenage of the adrenal shell.This disease increases the risk of tissue resistance.
As a result, the penetration of glucose into cells decreases and its level in the blood increases.
Symptoms of diabetes
- Invisible thirst;
- Fast urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increase fatigue;
- general weaknesses;
- Small skin lesions are gradually healing;
- vomiting;
- continuous nausea;
- Acetone smell from patients;
- Breathing mission;
- heart rate;
- Skin itching;
- Quick weight loss;
- frequent urination;
- Reduce vision.
When these signs appear, you should immediately consult a doctor to check blood sugar levels.
Types of diabetes
Pathology, depending on the cause, is divided into many types.The following types of diseases are distinguished: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Optional 1 of the type occurs with lack of insulin production in the body.This is a glucose metabolic regulator in tissues.The lack of it occurs due to damage to the Beta cells of the pancreatic gland due to the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and produces antibodies against body tissues.This situation occurs after the virus infection, serious stress, the effects of other adverse factors.
The disease usually occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden onset.Its symptoms are pronounced, because cells quickly find themselves in hunger.A very high level of glucose is detected, usually it reaches 30 mmol/l in the blood.
A series of a variation of the disease is considered Lada diabetes.This is an autoimmune diabetes occurring in adults, with a typical hidden course.For him, the typical insulin decrease in blood and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is not affected.In the blood, there is an excess of this hormone.The cells in the body will lose sensitivity to the impact of a substance.In patients, insulin resistance develops.About 90% of all individuals who are determined to have diabetes are patients with the second disease.This diabetes version often develops in people who are obese after 40 years.
Among diseases simultaneously detected: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has gradually onset.Its symptoms are scarce.Moderate glucose level.Antibodies are not detected for pancreatic cells.This condition contributes to the late call of the patient to the doctor when complications appear.
Complications of diabetes
Acute and chronic complications of the disease.Acute complications develop rapidly and request emergency hospitalization.They include the following states:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, the level of glucose drops sharply.It occurs with an overdose of insulin, the meal is not at the right time, the physical stress.The patient was hungry, the feeling of trembling in his hand, dizziness, sweating, aggressive.After that, consciousness was broken.
- Ketoacidosis.With it, the level of glucose is increasing.It does not penetrate the cells and accumulates in the blood.The condition is manifested by reducing appetite, dry, thirsty skin.Acetone smell comes from the patient.The confusion appears, drowsiness.
- Homa Hyperosmolar.It is characterized by increased blood sugar with dehydration in general.
- Lactatat-Axit coma.The condition occurs in the elderly with the presence of respiratory and cardiovascular disorders due to oxygen starving.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need to be medical care immediately.
In late complications, the lesions of the vascular and nervous system are observed.Angiopathy diabetes is a major failure of blood vessels.It extends to the ships of any stature.Microangiopathies causes the appearance of diabetic kidney disease and retinopathy.Macroangiopathy is prominent in the hearts of the heart, brain and artery of the lower limbs.
Diagnosis of diabetes
If this disorder is suspected, the following studies are stipulated:
- Blood sugar levels;
- Analysis of urine for the body glucose and ketone;
- Glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- C-Peptide in the blood;
- Stress test (determining glucose tolerance).
To identify complications, a kidney sweeping ultrasound, brain electrolyte, measuring Rheoorphalography and the back circuits of the leg are specified.
Treatment of diabetes
The implementation of the doctor's prescription should be strictly observed.Treatment of blood sugar and drugs is done with this disease that is done for a lifetime.These measures slow down the pathology and avoid complications.
Treatment of pathology implies hypoglycemia, as well as normalizing metabolism and preventing the development of complications.
Diet for diabetes
Diet therapy is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed, taking into account the weight of the body, age, the degree of physical activity.Patients are taught according to the calorie calculation principle of the dishes, they should contain the necessary amounts of all nutrients.
| What can be eaten | That you can eat |
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* The table presents a list of incomplete products.To compile an accurate and complete diet, consult experts.
The principle of a diet in this disease:
- Need to remove products quickly increase blood sugar levels.This is a high content of starch, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce total calories.The energy value of the dishes is the amount of calories spending.
- It is necessary to observe a six diets.
With diabetes, it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient follows the diet, this only allows you to improve the patient's condition.In a mild form of the disease, only the strength adjustment is ignored.
It is better to use low food -Calorie.They should be rich in protein, vegetable fiber and fiber.
Limit products that contain large amounts of animal fat, fast carbohydrate, fructose.Remove all products with high glycemic index.Alcohol in diabetes is also banned.
Insulin therapy
The introduction of insulin is made according to the proposed plan by a doctor.At the same time, the level of glucose is systematically controlled.Insulin is produced in three types: short, prolonged, intermediate action.
Prolonged drugs are used once a day.Compliance with the diagram separately selected to use intermediate and short insulin allows you to achieve compensation for the disease.
Glycemia's self -control level
Self -control of blood glucose content is done daily.Modern glucometer allows you to do this anywhere - at home and at work at a convenient time.This device helps to provide a balanced diet, develops a plan for physical activity, determining insulin and drug time.The measurement shows hypoglycemia and helps maintain glucose levels in normal.
Saharasses
Tableters are prescribed for diabetes in the second type as a complement to the diet.Such groups are distinguished:
- The derivatives of sulfonylmochevins- Stimulating the secretion of pancreatic insul, facilitating the penetration of glucose into cells;
- Biguanides- Reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- Reduce sugar levels, stimulate insulin secretion;
- Alfa-glucosidase inhibitors- Slow the growth of sugar concentration, inactivating enzymes to absorb starch;
- Thiazolidindo- Reduce the amount of sugar released from liver cells, improving the sensitivity of cells to insulin.
With diabetes, it is important to control the health and condition of the patient to avoid drastically changes in glucose level.
Prevention of diabetes
Patients with diabetes need to be observed continuously with the endocrinologist and anh, we will help organize the right lifestyle, diet and treatment.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type I diabetes are recommended to increase the body's resistance to infections and patients with type II do not allow obesity to develop obesity.
Conclusion
Diabetes are classified as serious diseases.In case of uncontrollable treatment, serious development complications threaten life.If the symptoms of the sugar appear, you should consult a doctor, not for yourself.